d that an academic university should not be performing classified research and voted to re-examine the University agency which was responsible for the project on November 4, 1965.[109] In 1984, the Head Lab at the University of Pennsy

iversity, Morton O. Schapiro; poets William Augustus Muhlenberg, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams, linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky, starchitect Louis Kahn, cartoonist Charles Addams, theatrical producer Harold Prince, counter-terrorism expert and author Richard A. Clarke, pollster Frank Luntz, attorney Gloria Allred, journalist Joe Klein, fashion designer Tory Burch, recording artist John Legend, and football athlete and coach John Heisman.
Within the ranks of Penn's most historic graduates are also eight signers of the Declaration of Independence and nine signers of the Constitution. These include George Clymer, Francis Hopkinson, Thomas McKean, Robert Morris, William Paca, George Ross, Benjamin Rush, James Wilson, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, Rufus King, Thomas Mifflin, Gouverneur Morris, and Hugh Williamson.
In total, 28 Penn affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of whom four are current faculty members and nine are alumni. Nine of the Nobel laureates have won the prize in the last decade. Penn also counts 115 members of the United States National Academies, 79 members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, eight National Medal of Science laureates, 108 Sloan Fellows, 30 members of the American Philosophical Society, and 170 Guggenheim Fellowships.
Controversies[edit]

From 1930 to 1966 there were 54 documented Rowbottom riots, a student tradition of rioting which included everything from car smashing to panty raids.[108] After 1966, there were five more instances of "Rowbottoms", the latest occurring in 1980.[108]
In 1965, Penn students learned that the University was sponsoring research projects for the United States' chemical and biological weapons program.[109] According to Herman and Rutman, the revelation that "CB Projects Spicerack and Summit were directly connected with U.S. military activities in Southeast Asia", caused students to petition Penn president Gaylord Harnwell to halt the program, citing the project as being, "immoral, inhuman, illegal, and unbefitting of an academic institution."[109] Members of the faculty believed that an academic university should not be performing classified research and voted to re-examine the University agency which was responsible for the project on November 4, 1965.[109]
In 1984, the Head Lab at the University of Pennsylvania was raided by members of the Animal Liberation Front.[110] 60 hours worth of video footage depicting animal cruelty was stolen from the lab.[111] The video footage was released to PETA who edited the tapes and created the documentary Unnecessary Fuss.[111] As a result of an investigation called by the Office for Protection from Research Risks, the chief veterinarian was fired and the Head Lab was closed.[111]
The school gained notoriety in 1993 for the water buffalo incident in which a student who told a noisy group of black students to "shut up, you water buffalo" was charged with violating the University's racial harassment policy.[112]
See also[edit]

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Education in Philadelphia
Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP)
University of Pennsylvania Press
Notes[edit]

Jump up ^ The University officially uses 1740 as its founding date and has since 1899. The ideas and intellectual inspiration for the academic institution stem from 1749, with a pamphlet published by Benjamin Franklin. When Franklin's institution was established, it inhabited a schoolhouse built in 1740 for another school, which never came to practical